Ultramarine is currently imitated by a process invented in France in 1826 by Jean Baptiste Guimet, making blue affordable to artists and extending the range of colors on their palettes. It was one of the most expensive pigments in 16th century Europe, worth twice its weight in gold, and so was used sparingly and when commissions were larger. It is a prominent component of lapis lazuli and was used on Asian temples starting in the 6th century. The name for this pigment comes from the Middle Latin ultra, meaning beyond, and mare, meaning sea, because it was imported from Asia to Europe by sea. It may discolor if exposed to acid because of its sulfuric content. Ultramarine has excellent permanence, although synthetic Ultramarine is not as permanent as natural Ultramarine. Considered a great color for glazes, it is not suitable for frescoing. It can dull when mixed with white in acrylic form, but mixes well with other colors. French Ultramarine mixes well with Alizarin colors in oil and watercolor form to create a range of purples and violets. Ultramarine dries slowly in oil and tends to produce clean, though granular, washes in watercolor. Synthetic Ultramarine is not as vivid a blue as natural Ultramarine. It has a moderate to high tinting strength and a beautiful transparency. Ultramarine is the standard warm blue, a brilliant blue pigment that has the most purple and least green in its undertone. Pigment NameĬomplex silicate of sodium and aluminum with sulfur Chemical Formula The demand for such a pigment came from commercial printers who wanted a cyan to replace Prussian Blue. The dark color was observed in a kettle where a dye was being made from a British dyestuff plant. Historyĭeveloped by chemists using the trade name Monastral Blue, the organic blue dyestuff now known as Phthalo Blue was presented as a pigment in November 1935 in London. Phthalo Blues have no significant hazards, although those made before 1982 contained some PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls). They are currently used in inks, coatings, and many plastics due to their stability and are considered a standard pigment in printing ink and the packaging industry. Phthalo Blues are completely lightfast and stable and are permanent for all paint uses. Phthalo Blue PB15:6 is a structural variant of Phthalo Blue PB15 that produces more yellowish tones. Pigment Information This color contains the following pigments:Įpsilon copper phthalocyanine Chemical Formula
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